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Keep an Eye on Calcium Balance

Friday, July 26th, 2024

Keep an Eye on Calcium BalanceKeep an Eye on Calcium Balance: It is common knowledge that calcium is an essential mineral for strong and healthy bones and teeth in horses. Its importance in the nutrition of late-pregnant mares, weanlings, and growing horses. Especially young racehorses. Most horse people are aware of the increased requirements for calcium in these types of horses.

Most people also know that you need the correct calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 2:1 for good health and balanced nutrition. Generally, if questioned, the average horse person couldn’t explain why this ratio is important. Furthermore, it is not enough to make sure that calcium and phosphorus levels are correct in the diet if availability of these minerals is compromised.

There are naturally occurring chemicals that may be available to the horse in everyday feeding regimes that can bind calcium and phosphorus and prevent them from being absorbed by the horse.

calcium and phosphorus:

 

It is not possible to discuss calcium balance in the body without mentioning the relationship between calcium and phosphorus. In the horse’s bones, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 2:1. Bone acts as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus that can be tapped when dietary intake falls short of requirements. Calcium is also used in the body in a soluble form (as Ca++ ions) for nerve and muscle function. Therefore the body maintains rigid and controlled levels of calcium in the blood (2.9 to 3.9 mmol/liter) for these processes. A mechanism known as homeostasis. On the other hand, blood levels of phosphorus can fluctuate throughout the day and in response to exercise with no adverse effects.

This article will explain some of the danger spots to look for when you are considering the calcium availability of your horses’ diet. It will outline some of the dangers of calcium deficiency. In addition, how you can manipulate your management program to deal with problems associated with calcium being tied up in the diet by chemicals which make it less available to the horse.

Calcium Deficiency

In days of old when man still relied heavily on the horse for transport, for working the fields, and as a beast of burden, it was not uncommon to reward one’s trusty steed with a warm bran mash at the end of the day. The practice is still upheld by many experienced horsemen today.

Wheat-milling processes were less efficient in those days. Meaning that bran had slightly more nutritive value than the bran of today. As a feedstuff it still posed a problem with regard to calcium and phosphorus ratios. In those days, the disease colloquially known as “big head” was associated with workhorses and was something of a mystery. Big head was eventually linked to nutrition. In particular to dietary calcium balance, and hence became known as bran disease.

These names were given to the syndrome associated with calcium deficiency (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism) because of the fibrous growths responsible for swelling the facial bones of affected horses to unnatural proportions. These days it is generally only seen occasionally and in cases of extreme calcium deficiency caused by dietary deficiencies or in the presence of calcium-binding agents in the diet.

Wheat Bran:

Wheat bran is detrimental to calcium balance in two ways. First, 90% of the phosphorus in wheat bran exists as calcium phytate. binding both calcium and phosphorus and preventing their absorption into the horse’s bloodstream. The phytic acid involved in forming this compound can also bind to other dietary nutrients. Reducing their ability to be absorbed into the blood. These nutrients include copper, zinc, and manganese.

Secondly, wheat bran has ten times as much phosphorus as calcium. The combination of excessive dietary phosphorus and little available dietary calcium causes calcium to be leached from the bones to maintain and balance blood levels of calcium ions.

Wheat bran, however, is not the only culprit, and there are other foodstuffs available to horses that limit the amount of calcium that can be absorbed from the diet. Many grains are also high in phosphorus and low in calcium, and the majority contain some level of phytic acid. In addition, many introduced species of tropical and subtropical grasses exist in some pastures used for horse grazing or haymaking. Some of these grasses contain high levels of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid binds calcium by forming crystals of calcium oxalate in the grass stem and leaf in much the same way as phosphorus (phytic acid) forms phytates and prevents calcium absorption.

About Oxalic Acid:

Oxalic acid forms compounds with many elements to produce oxalates, some soluble and some insoluble. Levels of oxalates vary between plants, but in plants where calcium is present, oxalic acid forms an insoluble compound of calcium oxalate which reduces the amount of available calcium in the plant. Horses are completely unable to digest any of the calcium associated with calcium oxalate crystals. Some oxalate-containing plants also contain plenty of calcium, meaning that they are safe to feed despite their oxalate content. For a grass of this nature to be safe for feeding to horses without the risk of causing calcium deficiency, it must have a calcium to oxalate ratio of at least 0.5:1. Calcium deficiency caused by consumption of tropical grasses high in oxalates is also known as chronic oxalate poisoning.

Oxalate poisoning can be acute when grasses or weeds contain high concentrations of soluble oxalates that are absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream, binding calcium in the blood and rapidly reducing blood calcium levels. In this case, calcium oxalate crystals are formed in the kidney tubules and interfere with kidney function.

Oxalic Effects:

Affected horses may have muscle tremors and a staggering gait. They may appear lethargic and stop eating. Twitching of the muscles of the face may be seen, and death may occur if signs go unnoticed. Plants containing more than 2% soluble oxalate have the potential to cause acute oxalate poisoning, but horses usually have to be very hungry before considering these essentially unpalatable grasses and weeds as a food source.

Interestingly, many horsemen report increased incidence of calcium deficiency and cases of big head within a few weeks of rainfall. It may be that rainfall triggers new growth that the horses find more palatable. In addition, the increased moisture increases the oxalate content of tropical grasses. Whatever the reason, reports suggest that increased cases of big head after rainfall are seen within a matter of two to three weeks. Further research in this area could help horse owners to develop new pasture and grazing management prevention practices.

Clinical Signs of Calcium Deficiency

The clinical signs of chronic and extreme calcium deficiency are less frequently seen today than in the past.  Yet it can still be a significant problem for horse owners. Iit is important to be aware of the signs. The disease can develop within two months of putting horses out on high-oxalate pastures. However, it more often takes six to eight months before symptoms are noticed.

A low blood calcium level (known clinically as hypocalcaemia) stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland. This hormone is responsible for triggering the release of calcium from bones, particularly from the large bones of the head and limbs.

This calcium is released into the blood to bring calcium levels back to within normal ranges for optimal nerve, heart, and muscle function. If the horse has a high requirement for calcium, as in pregnant and lactating mares, growing horses, and heavily sweating performance horses, these effects will occur more readily and to a greater extent that in horses at maintenance levels of requirement.

Big Head:

As the bones become demineralized, they become weak and fragile. As a result, the horse may become lame and start to drop weight even though his feeding regimen has not altered. He will probably have a dull, depressed countenance and may appear to have swollen lower jawbones and/or loose teeth. The horse will appear stiff and have a shortened gait when trotted. The stiffness increasing as the horse is exercised. As the condition progresses, both upper and lower jaws and sometimes other facial bones become swollen (hence the name). Badly affected horses may suffer fractures and break down.

On postmortem examination, the swellings are comprised mostly of fibrous tissue with small sparse fragments of bone. The surfaces of the joints appear pitted and rough. The parathyroid glands of the throat and lower neck are visibly enlarged and distended. If the condition goes unnoticed and untreated, it is likely that the horse will suffer fatal or irreparable fractures and will need to be destroyed.

Treatments for Horses with Big Head

Examination by a veterinarian is needed to determine the severity of the disease. Perhaps involving radiographs and blood and urine tests. These may need to be repeated throughout treatment to examine the efficacy of the treatment program. The swellings of the facial bones may never completely disappear in severely affected horses. However, it is possible to get a horse back to full health after an episode of big head with time and correct attention to calcium-to-phosphorus ratios.

It can take up to 12 months for remineralization of bone to occur. Horses must be maintained at rest for this period of recovery. Suggested treatments include 2 kg (4.4 lb) of rock phosphate mixed with 3 kg (6.6 lb) of molasses or 2 kg (4.4 lb) of a combination of 1/3 ground limestone and 2/3 dicalcium phosphate (DCP) mixed with 3 kg (6.6 lb) molasses.

These supplements need feeding weekly. Either over a couple of days or split into daily feeds for a period of at least 6 months. Commercially available supplements can also be used and fed daily in smaller quantities than the above mixtures to provide the same benefit.

The Prime Suspects!

A few prime suspects should be investigated if a case of calcium deficiency has been diagnosed. The risk is greatest when these grass types make up all or almost all of the pasture available to the horse. These grasses should be identified and removed from the diet as soon as possible before causing any further damage.

  • Kikuyu grass has a calcium-to-oxalate ratio of 0.23:1. Grows very rapidly in summer and becomes rank and unpalatable relatively quickly.
  • Buffel grass has a calcium-to-oxalate ration of 0.22:1. Has a tufted appearance, often forming dense tussocks. A number of varieties vary from 0.2-1.5 m tall. Leaves vary in color from yellowish to bluish-green, are thin and narrow, and taper to a long point.
  • Pangola grass has a calcium-to-oxalate ratio of 0.37:1.
  • Green panic grass has a calcium-to-oxalate ratio of 0.32:1. Very green, lush growth, highly palatable, used in pastures and in hay.
  • Para grass has a calcium-to-oxalate ratio of 0.29:1. A coarse vigorous trailing grass, grows well in wet and flooded soils. Grows up to 1 m (39 inches) tall. More often used in hay as opposed to pasture.
  • Setaria grass has a calcium-to-oxalate ratio of 0.15:1. Grows up to 3 m (10 feet) tall with erect stems and leaves 15-30 cm long and 0.3-1.7 cm wide. Seedheads are spike-shaped and cylindrical.
  • Pigweed is a fleshy, low-to-the-ground weed with yellow flowers in the summer. Rarely consumed by horses but can cause acute oxalate poisoning if horses are hungry enough to eat large quantities. Oxalate concentrations range between 4.5 and 9.4% of the dried plant.

Prevention

To prevent calcium deficiency caused by grazing of subtropical grasses, look for and avoid these grasses in potential horse pastures. If pastures containing the subtropical grasses mentioned above must be used, avoid grazing them for longer than one month. If established pastures contain a large proportion of subtropical grass, calcium-to-phosphorus ratios of dietary intake should exceed 2:1. They may need to be as high as 3:1 to counterbalance the oxalate effect.

It is also useful to encourage the growth of leguminous plans such as lucerne (alfalfa). It is high in calcium. Lucerne gives the horses an oxalate-free alternative forage. If your pasture contains grasses such as kikuyu, it is wise to avoid using fertilizers with high phosphorus levels. For example, a poultry manure and superphosphate.

It may also be necessary to make available a calcium and phosphorus supplement. If so, using half the amount of the supplements mentioned in the treatment section weekly should prevent problems . Alternatively, feeding 20 kg (44 lb) of good-quality lucerne hay per horse per week ensures adequate calcium intake. It guards against oxalate poisoning.

Conclusion

Extreme calcium deficiencies are seen less today than in the past. However, the introduction of foreign subtropical grasses has meant that horse owners have another danger spot to look out for when investigating potential horse pastures.

It is important for horse owners to know that wheat bran is not the only culprit when it comes to big head or bran disease. It is a good idea to thoroughly check the species of grass in pastures to be used for horses. Take measures to prevent extended periods of grazing on unsafe pastures. If hazardous pastures make up the only grazing available, then supplements should be used to ensure adequate calcium intake to balance the effects of oxalic acid.

Questions about how to Keep an Eye on Calcium Balance?

Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article by KER.

 

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Why Can’t I Get My Horse Fat?

Monday, July 15th, 2024

Why Can’t I Get My Horse Fat?Why Can’t I Get My Horse Fat? Do you know of a hard keeper that has gained or maintained weight consistently on a feeding program until one day he just doesn’t? The needle hovers near a body condition of 5, lulling you into a sense of accomplishment. Then it begins to shift left, ever so slowly. As time goes on, your hard work melts away. The metabolic middle ground known as moderate body condition seems more distant than ever. The ribs peek out from his barrel; the vertebral chain juts above his topline musculature; and the neck no longer carries even a single globule of fat.

You panic and rush to buy a weight-gain supplement. Before hitting up your favorite supplement retailer, consider your horse’s diet, health, and lifestyle.  According to Chelsea Kaelin, a nutrition advisor who has been with Kentucky Equine Research for over a decade, horse owners should review these five important areas before implementing a new weight-gain plan.

Realistically assess forage quality and quantity:

If you’ve been around horses long enough, you know what a high-quality stand of pasture looks like.For example, an abundance of nutritious plants with few weeds, usually the product of a sound maintenance program that includes mowing, fertilization, reseeding, and weed control. Depending on locale, pasture may be available year-round. For many horse owners, though, pasture is a seasonal benefit. They must rely on hay to provide forage at different times of the year.

Appropriate hay for horses comes in many packages: it might be grass, legume, or mixed; it could be soft and pillowy or stemmy and scratchy; perhaps bright green or dull yellow; it could be free of weeds or full of unidentifiable plants. A reliable source of nutritional information for all forages—pasture and hay—is laboratory testing, which is inexpensive and readily available through several mail-in services.

The amount of forage depends on other ration components. A general guideline for an underweight horse may include free-access to pasture during the growing season (assuming the horse has no metabolic conditions) or free-choice access to hay when pasture is unavailable. When pasture is not available and free-choice hay is not possible, start with 1.5-2% of body weight of hay or hay products (pellets, cubes, chopped). If he cleans up this, you may consider offering more.

“When feeding to achieve weight gain, be sure to offer hay your horse will eat willingly,” Kaelin recommended. “Although you may provide free-choice round-baled hay during turnout, it is important to know if your horse is actually eating it so you can make the necessary adjustments to make sure his forage requirements are met.”

Consider all aspects of the chosen concentrate:

When faced with a hard keeper, choosing a high-energy concentrate is often appropriate. How that energy is delivered depends on the product, though. In traditional formulas, starch provides the most energy because these feeds typically contain significant quantities of cereal grains, such as oats, corn, and barley. Grains usually contain about 50% more energy than good-quality hay. This makes them ideal feedstuffs for horses with elevated energy requirements.

More modern formulas may contain some starch as well as alternative energy sources, namely fat and fiber. Fat is usually included in the form of vegetable oil or stabilized rice bran, whereas fiber is typically incorporated through the use of beet pulp, soy hulls and alfalfa meal. Be sure you are feeding the appropriate concentrate for your hard keeper.

“In deciding how much of a concentrate to feed, consult the manufacturer’s recommendation. It will be included on the feed bag or on an attached tag,” Kaelin explained. In order for horses to receive the fortification guaranteed on the label, they must consume at least the minimum recommended by the manufacturer. It is usually about 6 lb (2.7 kg) for most feeds. When considering what is necessary for a hard keeper, the owner is likely going to feed at the top range of the recommendation.

In general, concentrate meal size should not exceed 5 lb (2.3 kg) at each feeding, Kaelin said, so multiple meals each day may be necessary. Horses fed over 10 lb (4.5 kg) of concentrate daily would likely benefit from three or four small meals a day.

Targeted supplementation to support the digestive tract:

  When careful attention is given to meal size, horses usually have no trouble digesting concentrates. Large concentrate meals that meet or exceed the 5 lb (2.3 kg) limit may predispose horses to gastric ulcers and hindgut acidosis. Pairing this increased risk with the stress of training or travel can create a perfect scenario for digestive disturbances. In these instances, targeted supplementation can prevent disturbances which, in turn, allows the digestive tract to work optimally.

While free-choice access to forage can significantly reduce the likelihood of ulceration in many horses, it is not the case for all horses. When faced with a hard keeper, consider an endoscopic examination to determine definitively if the horse has gastric ulcers.

“Identifying where the ulcers are located (glandular or squamous portion) will help your vet determine the most effective treatment plan,” Kaelin explained. “A course of omeprazole can clear the ulcers, but digestive support does not end when omeprazole treatment ends. Continue preventive care with a research-proven digestive supplement designed to deter the recurrence of gastric ulcers.”

Once the foregut has been addressed, consider the hindgut. When the small intestine becomes overwhelmed, it funnels incompletely digested feed into the hindgut. This can upset the pH of the hindgut and interfere with the work of the resident microbes. To keep pH steady, a hindgut buffer, such as EquiShure, should be fed.

Evaluate other management and environmental factors:

Outside influences may hinder weight gain. One common problem involves group feeding. In a herd situation, horses usually construct a well-defined social hierarchy that dictates which horses consume the choicest meals. When a hard keeper is placed in a group of horses and does not tease out as dominant in the pecking order, he may be chased away from feeders by multiple horses, adding to any stress he is already enduring. Giving a hard keeper a safe place to eat will allow him to relax.

Adverse weather can also be problematic for hard keepers. In the summer, flying insects may annoy to the point of running; in the winter, cold temperatures and precipitation can divert calories from weight gain to body heat. A watchful eye on behavior during weather extremes can help hard keepers. Relieve horses from the torment of flies by stalling and using other effective pest-control strategies. Keep them warm by blanketing and providing plenty of good-quality forage.

Gather a team of healthcare professionals:

Modern horses benefit from an unprecedented font of knowledge available to their owners. Advances in feeds and nutritional supplements, preventive dentistry, lameness detection and resolution, alternative therapies, and core vaccinations provide multilayered healthcare options to owners.

When it comes to a hard keeper, three core professionals include a veterinarian, dental specialist, and nutritionist. As mentioned previously, a vet will likely investigate digestive issues but may also look for pain elsewhere. Even low-level chronic pain can keep some horses from gaining weight. A dentist will correct any dental problems and then maintain teeth on a semiannual or annual schedule. A nutritionist will carefully review the ration and devise a weight-gain strategy as well as lay out a realistic timeline for increases in body condition. (Bummer alert: it doesn’t happen as quickly as most people wish!)

“In most instances, hard keepers will come around if owners pay careful attention to their nutrition and health needs,” Kaelin concluded.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions like Why Can’t I Get My Horse Fat?? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

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Pasture Adequacy: Are Your Fields Doing Their Job?

Friday, July 12th, 2024

Pasture Adequacy: Are Your Fields Doing Their Job?Pasture Adequacy: Are Your Fields Doing Their Job? As herbivores, horses require large volumes of forages for optimal well-being. Just how much forage do horses require, though?

To calculate accurately how forage contributes to the overall feeding program of horses, know forage intake as well as composition. Determine hay intake simply by recording the total weight of hay offered minus any hay wasted or refused. This record does not take into account the differences in composition between hay that is eaten and not eaten. However it is accurate enough to do an adequate field evaluation.

Pasture intake is significantly more difficult to estimate. This measure varies depending on the season, species, and quality of pasture grazed, and the total amount of time horses are allowed to graze. Horses will generally eat about 1-1.4 lb (0.45-0.64 kg) of pasture grasses and legumes per hour on a dry matter basis if they have enough pasture available. With all-day access to good-quality pasture, a horse grazing 17 hours each day can consume up to 25 lb (11 kg) of forage. It’s more than enough to satisfy forage requirement.

Make distinctions between absolute minimum, recommended minimum, typical, and maximal forage intake.

Absolute minimum forage requirement is 1% of body weight (10 lb or 4.5 kg dry forage for a 1000-lb or 450-kg horse).

Recommended minimum forage intake requirement is 1.5% of body weight.

Typical forage intake is 1.8 to 2.2% of body weight.

Maximal forage intake for most horses is 3 to 3.5% of body weight, though lactating mares and other horses with extreme energy needs might consume as much as 5% of body weight daily.

Does My Pasture Offer My Horse Enough to Eat?

Pastures offer horses the most natural of feedstuffs, a variety of plants to derive nutrients. Well-maintained pasture provides the most economical of all feedstuffs, but it must be of sufficient quality to nourish a given horse appropriately. Take a peek into the lives of these five horses and determine if the pasture suits its occupant. When you’re through, think about your own situation, and decide if you’re using your pastures to their utmost.

Overweight pony

Description of horse: A 14-hand, 750-lb (340-kg) overweight Welsh pony gelding.

Scenario: The only exercise he indulges in is whatever it takes to grab the next bite of grass or saunter to the water trough. He is on a five-acre lot with one small pony. Year-round the pasture is maintained meticulously. How much forage is this pony likely consuming each day? Using the aforementioned estimates, he is likely eating at least 17 lb, which is approximately 2.2% of his body weight. Considering his current body condition, he is probably taking in too many calories.

Risk: Many ponies are predisposed to laminitis. A debilitating condition that could render the pony useless as a riding or driving partner. Laminitis is life-threatening in many instances. If the pony manages to sidestep laminitis, the constant state of obesity is likely setting him up for metabolic conditions later in life.

Action: Reduce the forage intake by confining the pony to a stall or drylot for part of the day or by using a grazing muzzle. He should be fed no concentrates at all. In fact, a low-calorie vitamin and mineral supplement is a wise addition to his diet. Placing the water source as far away as possible from the most desired grazing areas is one strategy for getting him to move more. Forced exercise such as riding, driving, longeing, or hand-walking will help him lose weight. It will stave off the development of metabolic issues.

Off-the-track Thoroughbred

Description of horse:

A 16.2-hand Thoroughbred gelding that was recently retired from the racetrack. His ribs are clearly visible. His withers are peaked and camel-like. The hip bones jut out prominently.

Scenario:

He has been introduced into a herd of five other horses, all of which run on about four acres of pasture. The late-summer pasture has suffered from a lack of rainfall. The pasture grass is not completely dormant, thanks to the occasional rain shower, but growth is slow, and there are obvious lawns and roughs (areas in which horses graze consistently and areas in which horse refuse to graze; this pasture profile is a sign of infrequent mowing or spotty pasture management).

Risk:

The primary risk for this horse is insufficient forage, as the stocking rate for this pasture is high, with less than one acre per horse. A more realistic stocking rate is one to two acres per horse. This recommendation varies depending on numerous factors such as pasture care and weather. There might be much for this horse to nibble on throughout the day. However the quality of the grass at his disposal is mediocre. Therefore, he is probably not satisfying his forage requirements on pasture alone.

Action:

Separate this horse from the herd when fed. This ensures that he receives all of the feed intended for him. In addition it allows the horse to eat peacefully without anxiety caused by horses that might be more dominant than him. A diet of concentrate and good-quality hay is in order. The concentrate should provide energy from a variety of sources such as starch, fat, and fermentable fiber. Feed him as much hay as he will eat when he is separated from the other horses. A large horse such as this will take months to gain sufficient weight to cover his bony protuberances, so patience is paramount.

Lactating mare

Description of horse:

A 15-hand, 1000-lb (450-kg) Paint mare in moderate body condition with a two-month-old colt at her side.

Scenario:

This pair shares a 10-acre field with two other mares and their month-old foals. The pasture is adequate. It has not been seeded or fertilized in several years. Adequate rainfall has ensured that there is plenty of forage. The manager keeps the pasture mowed so that it is never more than a foot and a half tall. Mares are fed the lowest recommended daily amount of a concentrate specifically formulated for broodmares once each day in shallow rubber pans spread about 50 feet apart. Mares show mild antagonism toward each other during feeding time, and this Paint mare is the meekest and most submissive in the group.

Risk:

There seems to be very little risk of this mare not consuming adequate forage under these conditions, despite consuming at least 30-35 lb (14 to 16 kg) of forage daily and perhaps more. The stocking rate is adequate for this field and its inhabitants at just over three acres for each mare/foal pair. There may be concern if the pasture was in some way stressed, such as during a drought. As it stands, these broodmares and foals are likely receiving adequate nutrition from their current diets, including sufficient forage.

Action:

Keep a close eye on the condition of the mare. Peak milk production occurs two to three months following birth, so this mare is probably nearing her maximal milk output. Lactation is extremely hard on a mare from an energy-output perspective. If her weight begins to drop off, consider increasing her concentrate intake. This will likely mean that she will have to be fed two meals a day. No single meal should be more than 5 lb (2.2 kg).

Aged, sedentary gelding

Description of horse:

A 26-year-old Morgan gelding with several missing teeth (a couple incisors and a few molars). His body condition seems to be slipping over the past several months despite carte blanche access to pasture.

Scenario:

He whiles away the hours with another pensioner on mediocre pasture. Though the three-acre field is weedy, there seems to be sufficient grass for the pair of geldings. In addition to all-day grazing, he is fed a few pounds of oats once each day.

Risks:

The pasture quality is probably adequate for these two horses. This gelding might have issues nipping sufficient grass because of the lost incisors. The severity of this situation will depend on which incisors are missing. Similarly, he might not be able to properly grind the oats. Especially if certain molars have fallen out or if there are other dental anomalies.

Action:

Examine the gelding’s teeth using a veterinarian. The state of his teeth will dictate the course of action. This warrants a change in dietary management likely. Offer him early-maturity, soft hay that is easy for him to grasp with his lips and chew with his remaining cheek teeth if the incisors are found to be incompatible with efficient grazing. An example would be leafy alfalfa (lucerne).

He may leave some of the stems in favor of the tender leaves. However the leaves contain the most nutrients. Revisit the concentrate portion of the diet as well. Without a reliably strong dental surface on which to chew textured concentrates, it might be wise to switch to a pelleted senior feed or concoct a wet mash. If alfalfa is also too difficult for the horse to chew, hay cubes or hay pellets may be fed as a mash with a concentrate designed for senior horses.

Low-level athlete

Description of horse:

A 12-year-old Andalusian gelding. He rides four or five times weekly. This is as a lower-level dressage horse. He is overweight but not grossly so.

Grazing scenario:

He spends about two-thirds of his time in a two-acre lot that he shares with a similar-sized gelding. The pasture offers little in the way of lush grass. However there is plenty to snack on when he is out. He is given just enough textured feed to mix in a pelleted vitamin and mineral supplement when stalled. In addition, a few flakes of mid-quality grass hay.

Risks:

Few risks are readily apparent. The horse is overweight. Take appropriate measures keep excessive weight off of him (very little concentrate, and middle-of-the-road hay and pasture). Still supply him with macro- and microminerals. The near-daily exercise will help ward off potential metabolic problems if he is genetically prone to them. As a member of a notoriously easy-keeping breed, he might be.

Action:

In his present management situation, no alterations are necessary. If a drastic change is made in his day-to-day life, such as cessation of exercise or assignment to a flourishing pasture with lush grass, re-evaluation of his nutritional management would most definitely be in order.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about Pasture Adequacy: Are Your Fields Doing Their Job? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

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Feedstuffs for Horses: All About Beet Pulp

Friday, June 14th, 2024

Feedstuffs for Horses: All About Beet Pulp - in the photo a woman feeds her horse in a stall.Feedstuffs for Horses: All About Beet Pulp.  Fifty years ago, many knowledgeable horsemen would find it difficult to identify beet pulp or its potential value as a feedstuff for horses. Though its usefulness is now cemented among horse owners, beet pulp can still cause some confusion. Kathleen Crandell, Ph.D., a nutritionist for Kentucky Equine Research, answers eight questions about beet pulp and its role in equine nutrition.

In what types of feeds was beet pulp first used?

Sugar beet pulp first found a use in commercial horse feeds in the racehorse products as a low-dust feedstuff. It was mixed with lots of molasses and felt moist. This proved beneficial for the respiratory tract and was thought to be somehow beneficial in preventing bleeding. However, this notion was quickly abandoned.

Beet pulp was also integrated into senior feeds because of the need for a high-fiber feedstuff that could be ground and incorporated into a pellet. The new generation of high-fiber, low-starch feeds that emerged in the late 1990s was an obvious end-use for such an excellent fiber source. Now, beet pulp is prevalent in feeds designed for all classes of horses.

What are the differences between beet pulp and cereal grains as energy sources?

Horses derive the majority of the energy (calories) in cereal grains from the enzymatic digestion of starch that is absorbed in the bloodstream in the form of glucose. On the other hand, horses derive the majority of the energy in beet pulp from the microbial fermentation of the fiber content. It is absorbed as volatile fatty acids, also known as short-chain fatty acids.

What are the advantages of feeding beet pulp as part of a diet?

Compared to other fiber sources like hay, beet pulp has much more digestible fiber. For example, the digestible fiber in hay is around 40%. Meanwhile beet pulp has closer to 80% digestible fiber. The more digestible the fiber, the more calories that feedstuff provides the horse.

Further, beet pulp mixes well into a textured feed and can be pelleted easily. Plus, soaking beet pulp is a way to get more water into the horse.

How does beet pulp stack up to hay as a source of fiber?

The type of fiber found in beet pulp, considered “rapidly fermentable fiber,” is much more readily fermented by the microbes in the hindgut than the fiber in hay or typical forage sources. Hay consists mostly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin is completely indigestible. On the other hand, cellulose and hemicellulose vary in digestibility depending on the maturity of the plant.

Beet pulp provides energy, but does it add appreciable amounts of other nutrients?

Beet pulp has higher amounts of calcium than grains, about the level found in typical commercial concentrates. In addition, beet pulp is comparatively high in iron.

Should beet pulp be fed soaked or unsoaked when fed by itself or as part of home-mixed concentrate?

If feeding beet pulp shreds, they can be fed dry, especially if mixed with other feedstuffs. Free-choice water availability is important if feeding dry beet pulp. Pelleted beet pulp, however, should not be fed dry because it may increase the likelihood of choke. Horses prefer to consume beet pulp shreds soaked rather than dry shreds, probably because it softens their texture. My preference is to feed beet pulp soaked.

Further, one of the advantages of feeding soaked beet pulp is that it is a way to sneak a bit of water into the diet. This is especially useful in the winter when water consumption may be down. The Europeans have come up with a method of micronizing and then flaking the pulp so that it soaks quickly, in less than 10 minutes.

Are there any special uses for beet pulp?

Soaked beet pulp is a useful vehicle for holding larger amounts of oil, which is often recommended as a way to get more calories in the horse.

It was thought for a while that soaked beet pulp could help to push sand out of the digestive tract, but research found it ineffective in prevention of sand colic.

Is beet pulp use in the U.S. different than in other areas of the world?

Beet pulp has worked its way into quite a number of commercial feeds in the U.S. Many horse owners feed soaked beet pulp in addition their regular feed.

As the history of beet pulp would suggest, its use is more longstanding in areas such as England, Northern Europe, and Russia, where much sugar beet is cultivated. Because of the climate needed for sugar beet cultivation, South America had very limited sugar beet production. Likewise, this is the case in Australia and Africa. However, cultivation is expanding to newer areas. A variety can be grown in the warmer climates as a winter crop, instead of a summer crop as it is in more temperate climates. Where beet pulp is not grown, it may be imported and therefore rather expensive.

Would you like more information about Feedstuffs for Horses and Beet Pulp? Contact us at J & J Farms by clicking here!

Article brought to you by KER.

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Horse Heat Stress Management: Tips For Keeping Your Horse Cool In Summer

Monday, June 10th, 2024

Horse Heat Stress Management: Tips For Keeping Your Horse Cool In Summer!

Summer is finally here. Winter blankets have been packed away with care. Bundling up for barn chores and breaking the ice in your horses’ water buckets are now distant memories. As you bring your fly sheets out of storage and hang up fans, it’s time to make a plan for how to help your horse beat the heat this summer.

Understanding Your Horse’s Basic Needs

Not only do the summer months bring warmer temperatures and longer days. They also bring more opportunities to ride and compete with your horse. As temperatures rise, so do the risks of your horse experiencing a heat related stress. This includes dehydration and heat stroke. Keep an eye on your horse and modify your training and horse care program to make the most of your summer riding opportunities.

Water

The average 1000 pound horse at rest drinks 8 to 10 gallons of water a day. When temperatures rise above 70° F, horses in work can drink twice as much. Make sure they have access to clean, fresh and cool water at all times, whether your horse is turned out or in his stall. By drinking cool water, they will be able to lower their body temperature on their own. If your horse isn’t a big drinker, you can encourage water consumption by providing free choice salt blocks in your pastures and stalls.

Shade

Providing shade to your horse throughout the day is almost as important as making sure your horse has access to water. Whether you board in a barn or in a field, shade is needed. Obviously a horse in a stall is provided shade from being indoors, however they will need shade when they are turned out. Make sure your pastures offer several shade options.

If there aren’t shade-bearing trees in your field, offer an escape from the sun with a run in shed. With run-ins, the higher the roof the more air circulation and cooler the shed will be. As shade and water go together in importance, place your water troughs in shady areas.

Do you have a field that doesn’t have much shade? Alter your turnout schedule. Either turnout your horses at night, or if you have a horse that doesn’t require a lot of turnout put him in the field early in the morning. Both of these options will let your horse beat the heat and powerful rays of the sun.

Conditioning

Before the temps rise too much, learn how-to assess the body condition of your horse.

If your horse has been in regular work since the winter weather subsided, he will be more likely to be able to handle the rising temperatures. Horses that are out of shape, overweight and even thin under-muscled horses have a hard time dealing with the extra stress associated with heat.

If your horse hasn’t been in a regular exercise program, slowly build up their fitness and stamina as the heat and humidity rises. This slow and steady approach will help ensure your horse stays healthy and not overstressed this summer.

The Importance Of Equine Electrolytes

You know summer is here when your local Southern States and tack shops start expanding their section devoted to electrolytes.

So what are electrolytes and how do they help your horse in the summer? According to Dr. Marty Adams, Equine Nutritionist for Southern States, “Electrolytes are minerals in the horse’s body fluids and tissues that are involved in muscle contraction, thirst regulation, nerve function and maintenance of blood pH.”

Electrolytes can be found in your hay, pasture and Southern States horse feed. However, horses in work, (especially those who travel to compete) need additional electrolytes to maintain good health and perform at their highest level.

Like humans, horses use sweating as a way to cool off during periods of warm weather and while exercising. When a horse sweats, not only is water lost, but important electrolytes like sodium, chloride and potassium are lost. If too many electrolytes are lost serious problems like fatigue, muscle cramps and horse colic can occur.

Dr. Adams says, “When looking for an electrolyte for your horse, sodium chloride should be listed first on the ingredient list. Second, followed by potassium chloride.” There are two types of electrolytes, salt based and sugar based. While sugar based electrolytes are highly palatable, you won’t meet your horse’s daily salt requirements without feeding a lot of the sugar-based electrolyte.

Electrolytes can be given to your horse in a variety of ways. You can add water and administer via dosing syringe, add the electrolytes to your horse’s feed or add the electrolytes to their water. Each way works equally as well, just figure out what your horse prefers to ensure they are consuming the added electrolytes.

Horse Sweat Is A Good Thing

Often times you hear the phrase “no sweat” when people are referring to something that isn’t a problem. When it comes to horses, no sweat is a big problem. During a hot, muggy day it isn’t uncommon to see horses drenching in sweat when doing nothing more strenuous than simply grazing in the field. Although they may look uncomfortable, these sweaty horses are far more comfortable than their non sweating counterparts. Sweating helps regulate body temperature.

Anhydrosis in horses is the partial or total inability to sweat—and is a problem that can be potentially life threatening. When a horse is unable to sweat, he is unable to keep his internal organs and brain from overheating. Unfortunately no one knows what causes this condition and it can affect any breed, though it is most commonly seen in the Gulf Coast states including Florida and Louisiana.

Signs Of Equine Anhydrosis

  • panting
  • poor tolerance to exercise
  • dry hair coat
  • hair loss (especially around the face and a reduction of sweat)

Immediately contact your equine veterinarian if you think your horse may be experiencing anhydrosis. While there is no cure, you can manage a non sweater in a variety of ways. You can relocate your horse during the summer months, limit physical activity, install barn fans and misters or manage through supplementation. Studies have shown that non-sweaters can benefit from additional Vitamin Eand Selenium supplements. It is thought that these levels are low in horses with anhydrosis.

Adjust Your Horse Care Schedule

When we hit the beach this summer, we are often reminded to avoid the hottest part of the day. Typically is is between 11 am to 3 pm. We are told to apply ample sunscreen. This same rule should apply when trying to determine when to exercise your horse during the summer to try and avoid the heat of the day. When possible try to ride either in the morning or late evening, depending on what works best for your schedule.

In addition to changing the hours at which you ride, change the duration of your ride. A short workout in hot, humid conditions is the same as a longer workout in more pleasant weather, in terms of stress placed on the horse. Take plenty of rest breaks, to help your horse cool down during your exercise session.

After you finish exercising your horse, don’t just drop him off in his stall like a hot potato. Take your time and properly cool him off. Take him for an extended walk, hose him off and brush the water off scraping the water off to speed up the cooling process or put him in front of a fan.

Trailering Your Horse In The Heat

When competing this summer, not only do you need to think about how you will perform your best when you arrive at the show, you need to come up with a plan for how you will safely get your horse to the competition. The heat and humidity of the summer can create oven-like conditions in your trailer. So what can you do?

  • If you don’t currently own a trailer, consider buying a “cool” trailer to ship your horse(s) in. Studies show that dark exterior colored trailers can be 20-30° hotter inside than trailers that are white or silver in color.
  • Look for trailers that have large windows for maximum airflow and ceiling roof vents to draw air into the trailer. If possible, take a test ride in the trailer yourself to see what the airflow and temperature conditions are like when temperatures rise.
  • Even when the weather is cool and humidity is low, traveling is work for a horse. Riding in a trailer can fatigue a horse. They constantly have to work to balance themselves in the moving trailer. Add in warm temperatures and you can easily have a horse that arrives to its destination dehydrated and fatigued.
  • To minimize fatigue, alter your travel schedule. Transport your horse either in the evening or early in the morning, whatever is the coolest part of the day. Before putting your horse on the trailer make sure you have opened all the windows and air vents to get cool air circulating prior to loading. If you have fans on you trailer, turn them on as well.
  • To minimize the impact of heat coming up from the road, place rubber mats on your trailer floor or bed the trailer down with shavings. Heat comes from the sun beating down on the trailer. It also comes up from the black asphalt the trailer is riding on.
  • Hose your horse off prior to loading, in an attempt to keep them cool. Use a fan spray hose head like the Gilmour Fan Watering Wand to make your horse happier.
    By modifying your trailering routine you will be able to ensure your horse travels as comfortable as possible regardless of the weather.

Barn Fan Safety

Each summer horse owners everywhere put fans up in their barns . This helps to cool their horses off as the temperatures rise. However, not all fans are appropriate for barn use. Most horse owners run out to their nearest hardware or discount store to stock up on box fans for their barn.

Before you follow suit, make sure you are buying a fan that is designed for agricultural use. Do not use a box fan designed to be used indoors in a residential situation. Fans (like the Ventamatic 24″ Direct Drive Yellow Tilt & Stand Fan) designed for agricultural use have motors sealed up to prevent dust and dirt from interfering with the motor and starting a fire. In addition to having unsealed motors, inexpensive box fans also have light weight cords which can eventually expose their wiring over time. Take a look at our other barn & horse fans online.

Barn fires are caused every year from faulty fans and improper installation of fans. To prevent the potential for fires, in addition to only using agricultural fans in the barn, only run fans when there are people in the barn. Turn fans off at night! Most of the time barns are reasonably comfortable at night. Especially if you can open up windows and doors in the barn. Vacuum or blow off dust that accumulates around the fans that are placed on or in your stalls.

When installing fans, make sure you keep the cords out of the horses’ reach. One bite to a cord can cause a short circuit and potential fire. Remember horses aren’t the only ones to potentially bite the cords, raccoons and mice can also interfere with your cords. Always unplug the fans when not in use!

Another option when it comes to cooling down your barn is to get two large agricultural use approved floor fans and put them at either end of your barn aisle. These large high power fans do a great job of circulating air throughout the barn during the day.

Enjoy Your Summer

Summer doesn’t have to bring your equestrian activities to a halt. By changing both you and your horse’s riding routine you can both enjoy your summer while staying healthy and competitive. When in doubt whether to ride or go to the pool when temperatures are scorching, play it safe and go for a dip.

J & J Hay Farms sells only first quality hay period. You can see it, smell it and touch it in every bale we sell. We care about your horse’s health!

Article source: KER.

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Use of Cover Crops in Horse Pastures

Saturday, June 8th, 2024


Cover CropsUse of Cover Crops in Horse Pastures:

Though it is still only late spring, consider cover crops ahead of time. Many farms plant them in the late summer or early fall. They provide protective ground cover during the winter. The crops are then grazed, harvested, or tilled into the soil in the spring. In addition to erosion control and protection of water quality, cover crops have favorable effects on soil structure, weed suppression, and biodiversity. The use of cover crops on horse operations has not been studied until recently. Researchers in the Midwestern United States evaluated several cover crop forages in pastures specifically intended for horses.*

Depending on the plant species, cover crops offer various, and oftentimes specific, benefits. Annual ryegrass and winter have many uses. For example, their high germination rates, ease of establishment, and efficiency in covering barren soil, all of which foster weed suppression and forage output. The nitrogen fixation properties of legumes, like berseem clover, boost soil fertility. Taproot species, such as purple top turnip and daikon radish, loosen shallow layers of compacted soil. In addition, they scavenge residual nitrogen. Leaching may have taken it. The channels created by the growing taproot, a process called “biodrilling,” allow other pasture plants to more easily access soil nutrients and moisture.

Horse Owner Perks:

In addition to soil and environmental advantages, cover crops offer a particular perk to horse owners. They can prolong the grazing season and reduce the reliance on preserved forages, particularly hay, in the late fall. In years when hay is expensive or in short supply, this may prove advantageous.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate forage mass, forage nutrient composition, and preference of annual ryegrass, winter rye, berseem clover, purple top turnip, and daikon radish by horses. Forage mass is the total dry weight of forage per unit of land.

Four mature mares grazed seeded-singularly-or-as-mixtures-cover-crops for two consecutive fall seasons. Prior to grazing, forages were sampled to determine forage mass, root mass, and nutrient composition. To estimate preference after grazing, forages were visually assessed by researchers for the percentage of removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing activity) to 100% (all available forage grazed).

Berseem clover was the lowest producing forage. Minimal differences existed among the other cover crops. Horses preferred the berseem clover. The preferred turnip and radish least. Winter rye and annual ryegrass in monoculture and when seeded with berseem clover were moderately preferred (20%–68% removal). These species also met the digestible energy and crude protein needs of sedentary mature horses. However, the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio was inverted.

In Conclusion:

According to the researchers, “placing a priority on preference, berseem clover, annual ryegrass, and winter rye appear to be suitable cover crops to extend the grazing season in horse pastures.”

“While grazing pastures may seem the most natural of feeding systems for horses, health concerns can make grazing specific plants dangerous for certain horses,” noted Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a nutritionist for Kentucky Equine Research. “When planning any upgrade to a grazing area, consider the horses that will eventually graze it. Select proper forages for horses predisposed to laminitis or other metabolic challenges. Consider their needs and long-term well-being.” Limit grazing to certain times of the day.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about the Use of Cover Crops in Horse Pastures? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article by: Kentucky Equine Research

*Prigge, J.L., C.C. Sheaffer, J.M. Jungers, A.L. Jaqueth, H.L. Lochner, and K.L. Martinson. 2021. Forage characteristics and grazing preference of cover crops in equine pasture systems. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 103:103663.

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5 Tips for Summer Pasture Maintenance

Monday, June 3rd, 2024

5 Tips for Summer Pasture Maintenance: J & J Hay Farms is here to help you with you summer pasture maintenance. Whether you keep your horse on small acreage or you have rolling hills as far as the eye can see, pastures should be managed to ensure that grass provides optimum nutrition for horses. Each farm is different, but there are some management strategies to keep in mind no matter the size or location of your farm.

Soil testing:

Soil profile, including mineral content and pH, varies greatly from farm to farm and region to region. For this reason, soil testing is recommended in order to determine if and what kind of fertilizer may be necessary. Typically, your local Cooperative Extension Service office can help you with a soil test, and supply a report with fertilizer recommendations.

Stocking rate:

Stocking rate is important if you are relying on pasture to meet the majority of your horse’s nutritional needs, and is defined as the number of acres available per animal.

For an average 1,000-lb (450-kg) horse, two acres of well-managed, established pasture is recommended during the growing season. If you have four horses, you’d need a minimum of eight acres. If stocking rate is higher, for example if you keep four horses on four acres or five horses on two acres, supplemental forage, such as hay, and possibly a grain concentrate may be necessary to meet the horse’s daily nutrient needs. Higher stocking rates stress pastures and reduce the amount of available nutrients.

Rotation:

A rotational grazing plan keeps grasses healthy. Just like horses, plants need a chance to rest and rejuvenate after stress (heavy grazing, drought, etc.).

Horses are able to graze right to the ground, and hooves can cause compression and divots in the ground. The higher the stocking rate, the more important it is to have a rotational grazing plan. Even with only two paddocks, rotation can work.

When pastures are 7-10 inches tall, turn out horses. When the pastures are grazed down to 3-4 inches, allow the pasture to rest and turn out horses in the other area. Additional pasture areas will improve results. Ideally, rotating in four- or five-week cycles is recommended but will depend on the stocking rate and amount of space available.

Sacrifice area:

A sacrifice area, also known as a drylot or animal concentration area, is a place where horses can be turned out when pastures are too wet, have not grown sufficiently to allow grazing, or when pastures are resting.

Sacrifice areas are also useful for horses who cannot be maintained on pasture, such as those with metabolic health concerns. Shelters, water sources, and sometimes feeders are often placed in sacrifice areas. Sacrifice areas should be large and comfortable enough to accommodate the number of horses on the farm. Plenty of room should be left for horses to avoid pecking-order squabbles.

Mowing and sward height:

Regular mowing helps reduce weeds. Mowing height is an important consideration. Since grasses store energy in the bottom of the plant closest to the ground, mowing too short is counterproductive. Mowing to a height of 3-4 inches is generally appropriate. Pastures can also be dragged to break up and dry manure.

Be sure to consider a quality ration balancer or vitamin and mineral supplement that will supply horses with nutrients not found in sufficient quantities in pasture. Micro-Max is a low-intake concentrated source of vitamins and minerals for mature horses and is appropriate for horses on pasture.

Keep water and salt sources clean and readily available. The effort put into pasture maintenance will yield nutritious forage for your horses year after year.

J & J Hay Farms sells only first quality hay period. You can see it, smell it and touch it in every bale we sell.

Article source: KER.

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Summer Pasture-Associated Heaves

Saturday, June 1st, 2024

Summer Pasture-Associated HeavesSummer Pasture-Associated Heaves: Most horse owners have heard of heaves. It’s an asthma-like condition caused by irritation of the respiratory system when dust and mold spores are inhaled. Heaves is most often found in horses that spend a lot of time in stalls. They come in contact with fine particles contained in hay.

Combined with irritating ammonia fumes from wet bedding, these particles cause tissues in the respiratory passages to swell, making it more difficult for horses to breathe. The name “heaves” comes from the audible wheeze and contraction of the horse’s flank as it struggles to move air out of its lungs.

Horses with heaves usually have a normal body temperature and may show a thin, clear nasal discharge. Some heavey horses exhibit worse signs in winter when they are confined to the barn, improving when they are turned out in milder weather.

Summer pasture-associated heaves:

Summer pasture-associated heaves, on the other hand, affects turned-out horses that are sensitive to pollens and molds found in pastures. Signs of illness are the same between the two conditions, but the triggering factor is different. These horses may be more comfortable if they are kept indoors during the warmer seasons.

A nutritional supplement that has gained widespread attention in the fight against heaves is omega-3 fatty acids. They have well-known anti-inflammatory properties. Fish oils are direct sources of DHA and EPA. They are the most useful omega-3 fatty acids in terms of conferring health benefits. Other oils may contain ALA, which must then be converted to DHA and EPA, a complicated and inefficient process. For optimal omega-3 supplementation, use a marine-derived source such as EO-3.

Owners should contact a veterinarian for a diagnosis and treatment program if their horses have trouble breathing or become exercise intolerant during any season of the year.

Would you like more information about Summer Pasture-Associated Heaves? Contact us at J & J Farms by clicking here!

Article brought to you by KER.

 

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Horse Management for the Spring Season

Monday, May 6th, 2024

Horse Management for the Spring SeasonHorse Management for the Spring Season: Do you ride all winter, no matter how deep the snow gets, or do you hang up your saddle at the first cool breeze in autumn? Do you pull your horse’s shoes, blanket him, or keep him in the barn during the cold months? Do you cut his grain ration when he’s not working, or feed more hay to keep him warm? If the winter season has involved any modifications in your horse’s exercise level or feeding plan, you will need to consider the following points as you bring the horse back into work in the spring.

Check blanketing:

If horses have worn blankets all winter, keep an eye on daytime temperatures as the weather begins to moderate. Blankets may still be needed at night but often should be removed during the day to prevent sweating.

Check skin:

As the horse sheds his heavy winter coat, look him over carefully for cuts or other problems. Even if you have been faithful with daily grooming, small injuries may have been hidden by long hair. Give the horse an all-over bath as soon as the weather is warm enough, thoroughly rinsing to remove all shampoo. Look for rain rot, ringworm, scratches, and other conditions that may have been encouraged by blankets and damp weather. Treat skin diseases, asking a veterinarian for help with any stubborn conditions that don’t respond to over-the-counter remedies.

Check hooves:

Whether or not the horse was barefoot for the winter, he needs to start the spring with feet that are in the best possible condition. Schedule a farrier visit to be sure the horse is trimmed or shod correctly before increasing his exercise or training. Think about the work the horse will be doing and the terrain he will encounter. Will he need studs for soft ground? Pads for hard or rocky terrain? Wedges or special shoes to accommodate injuries or conformational defects? Discuss these concerns with a farrier, and get a veterinarian’s advice if needed.

Check teeth:

This should be done once or twice a year by an equine dentist or veterinarian. A dental checkup can prevent some training problems like head-tossing and fidgeting, and will also help to ensure that your horse gets the most benefit from whatever he eats.

Check for parasites:

Start or continue a schedule of deworming. Some owners prefer to do a fecal check to determine parasite infestation, while others simply buy and use popular deworming products. Check with a veterinarian if you are unsure about the right products and scheduling for your horse.

Check vaccinations:

Consult immunization records or ask your veterinarian what shots your horse needs. The recommendations will vary according to the horse’s age (foals may initially need two doses of some vaccines while mature horses need only an annual booster); location (if a particular disease in not common in your area, your horse may not need protection); travel schedule (horses that never encounter other horses may be able to skip some shots); and special conditions in your area (the series of West Nile vaccinations needs to be completed well before mosquitoes are seen). There is some evidence that horses develop a stronger immunity and have fewer skin or metabolic reactions if vaccinations are spread out over several days or weeks instead of being given all at once.

Check fences, gates, fields, water troughs:

If horses have been stabled through the winter and will now be turned out, walk the pasture to find hazards such as holes, trash, or low tree limbs. Clean water troughs and check for sharp edges. Carefully check gates and fences for loose or broken parts and repair any defects before letting horses into the field.

Check tack and equipment:

Have blankets cleaned and repaired now so they will be ready for fall. Look over halters, saddles, bridles, and other equipment and repair or replace as needed before starting training or competition. Clean and condition leather to avoid irritating the horse’s skin.

Monitor grazing:

Pasture time may need to be limited at first to avoid problems related to overconsumption of lush grass. Because fresh spring grass contains a high percentage of moisture and very little fiber, continue to offer horses hay for the first few weeks of grazing. Heavy, cresty horses and those subject to laminitis may be sensitive to the fructans (sugars) in rapidly growing grass. The use of drylots or grazing muzzles can allow horses to get out of the barn without risking metabolic upsets.

Check condition:

The resumption of training or exercise is a good time to evaluate your horse’s body condition. If possible, weigh the horse; otherwise use a weight tape as a rough measure of body weight. If a visual examination doesn’t tell you whether your horse is too fat or too thin, try a “hands-on” determination—generally you should be able to feel, but not see, the ribs of a horse that is in moderate condition. Record the horse’s weight and condition as exercise resumes, and recheck the numbers periodically as you continue riding through the spring and summer to keep an eye on excessive weight loss or gain.

Evaluate feeding program:

Will you be asking your horse for a much greater level of exercise? If so, he may need more grain or a high-fat ration to meet his energy requirements. He may also benefit from electrolytes, a muscle recovery supplement, or a feed designed to minimize tying-up. In areas with extremely hot, humid summers, some sweet feed proponents change to feeding pellets to avoid problems with mold. Any modification of a feeding program needs to be made gradually over several days, blending new feed into old and allowing the horse to adjust to the new regimen.

Finally, begin training:

If the horse has been off work for the winter, you need to schedule steadily increasing work to bring him back into condition. Start with brief periods of walking, moving to longer rides and faster gaits over a period of several weeks. Conditioning involves not just the horse’s muscles but also his lungs, heart, tendons, ligaments, and bones. By progressing slowly and paying attention to the horse’s reactions, you can often avoid lameness and injuries.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about Horse Management for the Spring Season? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

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Best Practices for Managing 4 Types of Forage

Friday, April 19th, 2024

Managing 4 Types of Forage : cows in pastureBest practices for managing 4 types of forage: Capitalize on your forage management to optimize cattle nutrition.

 Each forage type comes with its own challenges and management considerations. And, honing in forage management can help support cattle nutrition needs – and your bottom line.

Take advantage of these best practices for each of the four different forage types

 Cool Season Forages: 

Fescue is the dominant forage in the U.S. because it’s a hardy forage that can stand up to grazing pressure. However, it doesn’t come without challenges. The predominant fescue variety comes with the risk of endophyte toxicity. Endophyte toxicity occurs when livestock consume fungal endophytes present in the seed head of grass. Fungal endophytes contain ergot alkaloids that can be detrimental to livestock, causing lower feed intake, reduced weight gain and decreased fertility.

 An easy method to manage endophytes in fescue is to clip the grass using a tractor-pulled mower before the grass heads out. You can also manage endophytes by inter-seeding legumes like grazing alfalfas, white clover and red clover. These legumes provide additional forage sources and offset the risk of endophytes. Legumes also benefit overall pasture health by providing nitrogen fixation for the soil and extending the grazing season.

 With any cool season forage, whether it be fescue, brome or another grass, watch out for grass tetany during the early spring flush. Feeding a mineral high in magnesium, like Purina® Wind and Rain® Hi-Mag, can help supplement your herd.

Warm Season Forages: 

There are many options to graze cattle effectively with warm season forages, from improved forages in the southern U.S. like Bahiagrass and Bermudagrass to the native tall grass and short grass ranges to the west. Warm season grasses tend to take off when cool season grasses lose productivity. If you have access to both warm and cool season forages, you’ve got a complementary program.

The biggest challenge with warm season forage is stocking density. Warm season forages typically can’t support the same grazing pressure as cool season forages. Maintain moderate stocking densities for your area and use a rotational grazing system that moves cattle from grazed to rested pasture. If your pastures are too large to fence for rotational grazing, consider using mineral or supplement sites to maximize forage use. Cattle will seek the pasture for minerals and supplements, which you can use to your advantage.

Another challenge with warm season forages is that stem growth tends to outrun leaf growth as the growing season continues. When the stem-to-leaf ratio gets too far out of line, forage quality drops because there are more carbohydrates and less protein and energy. Keep supplemental nutrient sources available to cattle on warm season pasture to ensure their nutrient needs are met throughout the grazing season. Purina® Accuration® block or Purina® RangeLand® protein tubs, along with minerals, can help extend the grazing season and make best use of forages.

Cover Crops: 

It’s been trendy the last few years to use mixes of cover crops like turnips, forage sorghums, rye and clover to get more grazing from crop fields. But, grazing systems with mono-crops have existed for a lot longer. Wheat pasture, for instance, has been used to grow calves and maintain cow herds before the grain crop goes to head. Sudangrass has made efficient summertime grazing, too.

An important factor in grazing any forage, particularly cover crops, is to have mineral available year-round. Cover crops might be the lushest forage your herd has all year, but cattle may not fully utilize it. Offering mineral helps maintain an animal’s rumen microbes, which in turn impacts forage utilization and feed efficiency.

Much like traditional perennial cool season grasses, you should feed a high-magnesium mineral in the spring and fall due to grass tetany risk. Bloat can also be a concern in lush cover crops. Feeding a mineral with an ionophore, like Purina®Wind and Rain® minerals, or keeping bloat guard blocks at the mineral site can help.

Monitor nitrate and prussic acid poisoning when using cover crops containing forage sorghums, Sudangrass, millet and green grazed corn, or even if field edges have Johnson grass. Have fields tested, especially if forages get too far ahead of cattle before or during grazing. Drought years also increase concern for nitrates since the stalks of those stemmy plants naturally hold more nitrates when dry.

Hay & Silage: 

Stored forages help extend forage use throughout the year, and both hay and silage have their unique places in beef cattle rations.

Silage quality is particularly important, whether the forage is fed to weaned calves or mature cows. Harvest silage when it’s at its peak for protein and energy to maximize quality rather than yield. Once harvested, storage should be your next emphasis. Focus on packing silage piles tight, using an inoculant to reduce mycotoxins, and covering piles to prevent spoilage.

Also focus on hay quality. The term “cow-quality hay” is often used to describe poorer quality forages used to feed beef cows. Yes, you can feed fibrous, low-quality hay to cows, but you’re likely going to need more supplementation to keep them in an adequate body condition score 6. Putting up good-quality hay to start helps reduce the need to feed as much supplement.

 Before you start feeding hay or silage, pull samples for testing. A forage test helps determine protein and energy levels. With those levels as your baseline, you can determine the amount of supplement needed to support your herd. If everything goes perfectly, you may only need to feed mineral to balance the ration. Connect with your Purina® dealer to work on a forage management plan.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about the Best Practices for Managing 4 Types of Forage? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

Source: Ted Perry, Purina Cattle Nutritionist

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