Considerations When Moving Horses to a Different Climate: Do you travel a lot? Then you know that you need to pack shorts for a Florida vacation. Mayne throw in an extra jacket for a winter visit to those New England cousins? Of course, stock up on antacid before you spend a few weeks with your great-aunt, an enthusiastic chef in Europe. In today’s equestrian world horses routinely move south for the winter training months. They fly to Germany for a dressage lesson. O Or possible, shuttle to the opposite hemisphere for a second breeding season. Therefore, owners need to think about ways to minimize stress. Here are tips to help equines make a smooth transition to another climate, a modified diet, and a different exercise routine.

Managing Stress:

Any change is likely to produce a bit of stress in horses, though older and more experienced horses react to changes more calmly than young, green equines. For any horses, however, owners should try to keep to familiar routines as much as possible during travel. This is especially true in regard to feed management.

Hay and Nutrients:

Take the horse’s regular hay along for the ride in the trailer or plane, plus enough hay and grain to last during a stay of a few days. For longer relocations, take along enough to mix with local supplies, adding a bit of the new feed and hay into the horse’s familiar ration the first day and gradually increasing the amount until the old material has been replaced by what the horse will eat at the new facility.

If the horse is being moved a considerable distance, check to see if hay and pasture in the new location contain the same mineral levels as the old forage, and add a mineral supplement if selenium or another nutrient is not naturally available.

Additional Preparations:

Moving a horse from a cooler area to a warmer climate requires some planning and preparation. The horse might need to be clipped. In addition, he may need electrolytes because of increased sweating. Also, flies, mosquitoes, and sunburn will be more of a problem in warmer regions.

If the purpose of the move is to be close to a trainer or training facilities, be sure the horse is in good condition before the trip so he can move right into intensive exercise without any problems. Remember to allow several days of rest or light exercise after a long flight or trailer ride.

Regardless of where your horse goes or how long the trip takes, monitor his water intake, manure production, and interest in hay and grain for several days after you arrive. Watch for any change in behavior or attitude that may signal the beginning of a respiratory infection or gastrointestinal upset. The stress of travel can challenge the horse’s immune system, and any health problems will clear up more quickly if they are diagnosed and treated promptly.

Resources:

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Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

 

Long-Stem vs. Short-Stem Forages: Nutritionists recommend horses consume at least one to two pounds (0.5 to 1 kilograms) of long-stem forage each day. Long-stem forage is best defined as hay or pasture. This recommendation respects the natural desire of horses to graze. After all, they are hardwired to spend more than half of their day eating. Forage products that include extremely short pieces of fiber such as cubes, pellets, or chaff are often fed in lieu of long-stem forage. A spate of inquiries regarding the necessity of long-stem forage has landed in the electronic mailboxes of Kentucky Equine Research nutritionists. The overwhelming inquiry:

Can short-stem forage products completely satisfy a horse’s forage requirement?

According to Kathleen Crandell, Ph.D., a KER nutritionist, the answer is yes, but there is a caveat. “If a horse does not have enough forage to chew on to fill the time, it might develop abnormal behaviors. For example,  cribbing, weaving, manure- eating, and mane and tail chewing. Many horses without access to long-stem forage seek chewing satisfaction through destruction of wooden surfaces within reach,” said Crandell.

Hay pellets and cubes are typically made from good-quality forage. They can therefore help satisfy a horse’s nutritional requirements. This is especially true if alfalfa products are used for horses with elevated nutrient needs such as youngsters or those exercised frequently.

Forage Requirements:

On the flip side, the quality of chaff or chopped forage is less reliable. High-quality chaff originates from hay, not straw. Though chaff made from straw is popular in some regions of the world, straw offers few nutrients to horses, and it is high in indigestible fiber, which increases the risk of impaction colic. Therefore, straw chaff should be fed in small amounts, primarily as a way to slow consumption of a grain meal, and should not be used as the sole forage. Chaffs made from high-quality hay, however, can be the principal forage source.

In sum, horses can survive without long-stem forage in their diets. That is, provided the forage requirement is met (at least 1-1.5% of body weight per day) through alternative forages. To maximize “chew time,” though, it is best to give horses some long-stem forage daily.

Resources:

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Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

 

Dealing with Horses That Don’t Like What You’re Serving: Virtually all horses love to eat fresh green grass. Aside from that, each equine has its own dietary preferences. These vary from the chubby pony (happily gobbles anything and everything that’s offered) to the discerning older Thoroughbred mare who sniffs the expensive new nutritional supplement, turns away, and looks at you with a disdainful “this isn’t exactly what I had in mind” expression.

Illness, dental problems, extreme fatigue, or the discomfort of gastric ulcers might keep some horses from eating. A veterinarian can find and treat these problems, after which the horse may be more interested in eating. However, if no health issues are found, how can an owner tempt a picky equine to clean up its daily ration? Here are a few tips to try.

Increase Turnout:

First, increase turnout if this is possible. Grass, the most natural food for horses, provides a significant amount of nutrition. Horses that eat plenty of grass may not need any supplementary feed. That is, unless they are performing a moderate or high level of exercise.

Quality Hay:

Feed the best-quality hay you can find. Alfalfa (lucerne) or an alfalfa/grass mix will be appealing to most horses. On the other hand, horses might refuse to eat hay that is moldy, old, coarse and stemmy, or full of weeds. Not every horse needs the abundant nutrients in alfalfa (lucerne). However, a flake or two of alfalfa blended into a pile of clean grass hay will often enhance the taste of this offering. As with a grass diet, horses that eat plenty of good-quality hay may not need grain or nutritional supplements.

Feed Trial:

If your horse refuses a concentrate feed, he may be objecting to its smell, taste, or texture. There are a variety of feeds available. So, changing the texture might be worth a try. Textured, pelleted, cubed, and extruded feeds vary in consistency. Feeds may include whole, cracked, crimped, rolled, steamed, or flaked grains; more or less molasses may be used. You don’t want to have to buy bag after bag of feed. You might ask several friends to give you a cup of their horse’s feed for a trial.

Horses are very sensitive to the odor of a feed or supplement. They easily detect an “off” scent that humans can’t smell. If your horse has been eating a particular feed and suddenly refuses it, it’s possible that the feed is slightly moldy or rancid. If he readily accepts a scoop from a fresh bag, throw the old feed away and clean the container thoroughly before storing more feed in it.

Feed Containers:

More on the subject of containers: how long has it been since you checked the horse’s feed trough? Is it clean and smooth? Is it covered with barn dust, feed residues, bird droppings, and rough spots? The horse could be backing away from sharp edges or the musty smell of old feed particles caught under the edge of the feed bowl. Simply cleaning up the old feeder or buying a new one might help to restore your horse’s interest in his meal.

Added Flavors:

There are many things to try if you want to change or enhance the taste of a feed. Stir in some honey, add a little applesauce or molasses, or top-dress with chopped apples or carrots. Some horses like sliced or mashed bananas. Meanwhile others can’t resist flavorings like cherry, rosemary, peppermint, oregano, or cumin. You can start with a small quantity of the chosen flavor mixed with a small amount of feed to see what might win your horse’s favor.

Slowly make any change in feed. Usually over a period of seven to ten days. A handful of a new or flavored feed won’t hurt your horse. When you find something he likes, start with a small portion and build up gradually to a full ration. The same principle goes for using a new supplement. Begin with a tiny bit mixed into his regular feed. Gradually increase a little each day until the suggested amount is given. Adding a scoop or two of anything new all at once is almost guaranteed to put some horses off their feed. Therefore, go slowly! Give the horse a chance to get used to the new taste, smell, or texture.

Resources:

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Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

 

Cushing’s Disease in Horses and Importance of Diet: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID, equine Cushing’s disease) is an age-related endocrine disorder that occurs in about 20% of horses, ponies, and donkeys 15 years of age or older. PPID can occur in younger horses, but it is rare in those younger than 10 years of age. At this time, age is the only significant risk factor for PPID; no breed or sex predispositions have been determined.

The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, has an important role in regulating body hormones. These hormones affect many metabolic and reproductive functions, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. Horses with PPID develop enlargement and benign tumors in the pars intermedia, or the middle lobe, of the pituitary gland. This condition affects hormone production pathways in the brain, specifically from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The release of hormones from the pituitary gland is normally controlled through the neurotransmitter dopamine from the hypothalamus. In horses suffering from PPID, degeneration of the neurons that produce dopamine results in oversupply of hormones produced by the pars intermedia, and the subsequent high levels of these hormones can affect various body processes.

Approximately 30% of horses diagnosed with PPID also exhibit abnormal glucose metabolism (insulin dysregulation), in which blood insulin levels are high due to decreased insulin response in tissues. Insulin dysregulation places horses with PPID at higher risk of developing laminitis, which is one of the most serious complications of PPID. Insulin dysregulation is the defining characteristic of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), and PPID and EMS can occur simultaneously in a horse. Horses with EMS may be at higher risk of developing PPID as they age, and at this time it is not known whether EMS and PPID are causatively linked.

Diagnosis:

The most common clinical signs of PPID include an abnormal haircoat (regional patches of long hair such as legs, chin, and belly), failure to shed (hypertrichosis), muscle loss, lethargy, chronic infections, weight loss (profound loss of fat and muscle), potbelly due to lost muscle tone, and abnormal sweating, either increased sweating (hyperhidrosis) or lack of sweating (anhidrosis).

Early diagnosis of PPID can be difficult. Blood tests are often negative in early stages of PPID, and symptoms can be overlooked in the normal aging process. Clinical signs of PPID may lead to a diagnosis based on examination and history. The long haircoat typical of PPID horses is often used as a diagnostic tool, but should not be used as an absolute diagnosis since malnutrition and other conditions can cause haircoat changes. Horses with mild PPID may be at risk of laminitis, so screening tests are important to help identify horses with PPID before overall health declines or laminitis develops.

Measurement of baseline ACTH is often used in diagnosis of PPID. Horses with more advanced PPID often exhibit elevated levels of ACTH. So resting plasma ACTH concentration is typically measured and compared to a reference range. However, ACTH levels can be affected by season, stress, illness, exercise, and sometimes diet. Testing the horse in its home environment when healthy and not stressed will yield the best results. A baseline ACTH test is most helpful for detecting moderate to advanced cases of PPID but may not detect early stage PPID.

Additional Testing:

Additional testing, such as thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test, may provide additional evidence of early stage PPID, or when ACTH testing is inconclusive. In this protocol, after a baseline ACTH sample is collected, TRH is administered intravenously and in 10 minutes an additional ACTH sample is collected. However, there can be substantial variability in the results.

Many PPID horses exhibit insulin dysregulation, and PPID and EMS can coexist. Therefore, testing for insulin dysregulation is also important when PPID is suspected.

Treatment:

PPID is a progressive condition. Unfortunately, there is no cure. Treatment is intended to address and reduce clinical signs of the disease. It must be continued for the life of the horse. The prognosis for horses diagnosed with PPID is variable and somewhat dependent on symptoms. Some horses respond to a low level of medication. Meanwhile others require a much higher level. Some horses respond well to management protocols and may not require medication to maintain quality of life.

The only medication licensed for treatment of PPID in horses is pergolide mesylate. Pergolide is a drug that acts on receptors within the pars intermedia to suppress tissue enlargement and tumor growth. Amount of pergolide that results in improvement of clinical signs can vary. Horses that do not respond to high doses of pergolide may be treated with additional medication as prescribed by the veterinarian. Ongoing monitoring of horses undergoing treatment is important. It is recommended that retesting be performed at least twice a year to determine if changes in medication are needed.

Diet and exercise can help manage some symptoms of PPID but is not a cure. The horse’s body weight and condition, ability to exercise, and presence of insulin dysregulation will influence management recommendations. Further, the horse’s age will affect dietary requirements. PPID is a disease of aged horses. In many cases the horse’s dental condition will determine appropriate dietary changes. Is the horse is suffering from poor dentition (missing teeth, lack of chewing surface for utilization of long-stemmed forages?) A ration that provides forage alternatives such as pelleted forages or a formulated senior feed with adequate fiber to replace hay and pasture may be required to help support the older horse’s needs.

Dietary Management:

There are no specific dietary guidelines for PPID horses because symptoms vary. Not all PPID horses are prone to laminitis. So that must be taken into consideration. Some PPID horses are hard keepers and some are easy keepers. It is important to feed appropriate calories to maintain body weight and condition. If the horse is at risk of laminitis, maintaining appropriate body weight is essential. Ensure that excess weight is not putting strain on compromised hooves.

Further, providing a diet with controlled soluble carbohydrates to avoid blood glucose/insulin response that may increase risk of laminitis is an important part of dietary management. Is the horse is a hard keeper and at risk of laminitis? Ahigher calorie diet is recommended, but soluble carbohydrate levels are still of concern. Higher fat content to replace some soluble carbohydrates in the diet may be helpful in providing calories to support body weight and condition without increasing risk of laminitis.

If the PPID horse is not exhibiting insulin dysregulation, soluble carbohydrate content of the diet is not as much of a concern. As the disease progresses, though, it is important to monitor this and make changes if necessary.

Adequate high-quality protein in the diet of PPID horses may help reduce muscle wasting. In addition, it may support muscle maintenance and repair. Appropriate vitamin and mineral supplementation is also vital to support the aging horse’s nutrient requirements and potentially compromised immune function. Many supplements are marketed to specifically address the needs of PPID horses. However, at this time there is little published data to support specific ingredients or additives to address the symptoms of PPID.

Resources:

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Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

Proceed Carefully: Feeding Neglected Horses. For many horsemen and horsewomen, nothing proves more heartbreaking and maddening than seeing horses in neglectful situations. Especially when there’s little to eat or drink. Those that dedicate their time and resources to rehabilitating these horses know well the need to refeed horses carefully, almost exactingly.

“Feeding a severely underweight horse can be complicated. It is best done under the guidance of a veterinarian, particularly if the horse has a body condition score of less than 3 on the standard scale of 1 to 9,” said Kathleen Crandell, Ph.D., a nutritionist with Kentucky Equine Research.

If the horse has been completely starved and has not eaten in days? The process of refeeding begins slowly and progresses gradually. This is counterintuitive to any nurturing personality. Most horse owners want to throw forage and feed at starved horses. However, a more precise feeding schedule has been outlined and adopted by many vets and caretakers.

Feeding Schedule:

According to Crandell, the feeding schedule would be:

• On the first three days, the horse will receive about 50% of its digestible energy requirement spread over six meals per day. (1–1.25 lb or 0.4-0.6 kg per meal for a horse that would weigh 1,000 lb or 450 kg as a desired weight.) Use alfalfa, mixed alfalfa/grass, or high-quality grass hay with free-choice access to water.
• On the fourth and fifth days, the amount can increase to 75% of the horse’s energy requirement in six meals per day (1.75-2.0 lb or 0.8-0.9 kg/meal) of the same forage.
• From the sixth to tenth days, the horse can get 100% of the digestible energy requirement reduced to three meals per day (up to 5 lb or 2.3 kg/meal) of the same forage.
• The horse should remain on high-quality forage for at least a month. Then some concentrate can be gradually added to the diet. Do not, however, add any concentrate feeds into the diet until body condition improves to a score of at least 3.5.

Added Support:

To support the healthy rebuilding of the ravaged body and digestive tract, a high-quality vitamin and mineral supplement should be fed. It is likely necessary to balance the nutrients that may be low or missing in the forage. A vitamin and mineral supplement with a recommended serving size of an ounce or two can supply the desired nutrients without added starch or sugar. Starch and sugar should be avoided at the beginning of refeeding.

“Return to normal weight may take three to six months to achieve, depending on the body condition of the horse at the time refeeding begins,” she said, “but slow, steady progress often yields the best results.”

This measured approach is the safest method of refeeding. Crandell understands, however, the lure of wanting to feed “fast and furious.”

“Too much feed or the wrong feed can have severe consequences. Even too much feed spread out into several meals a day will not benefit a severely underweight horse. This can cause a metabolic crisis that can result in death,” Crandell warned.

Negative Consequences:

Sudden consumption of too much concentrate, whether it’s a straight cereal grain or a commercial feed, causes a rise in glucose in the blood and a subsequent elevation in insulin. Insulin is the body’s cue to push glucose into cells. Unfortunately, in the case of starvation, the insulin will also drive electrolytes. For example, phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium, into the cell with the glucose. This causes instability between intra- and extracellular electrolyte balance.

When phosphorus is pushed out of the blood and into cells, researchers believe hypophosphatemia, or low blood phosphorus, results. Hypophosphatemia disturbs red blood cell metabolism and causes impaired oxygen delivery to the cells in the body. The heart and lungs, starved of oxygen, begin to fail. Called “refeeding syndrome,” in human medicine, this occurred in Word War II when prisoners were rescued from concentration camps and then given food, according to Crandell.

Horses in neglectful situations are usually in need of dental and hoof care, vaccinations, and deworming. As the horse gains strength through refeeding, seek advice from a veterinarian about when to best implement these basic health care practices. Some may be more important than others. If the teeth are characterized by points, malocclusions, or other problems, for instance, it will be hard for the horse to chew forage properly, thus precluding weight gain. In this case, getting the teeth tended to as soon as safely possible would be the best bet.

Resources:

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Article Sources: Kentucky Equine Research

Stull, C.L. 2011. Refeeding the starved horse. In. Wilson, D.A. (ed.) Clinical Veterinary Advisor: The Horse. Saunders. p. 788-790.

 

Pros and Cons of Using Haynets: New Information! For every good reason to manage a horse in a particular fashion there seems to be an equally compelling argument to not take that approach. Take haynets, for example. Haynets can be beneficial in some management scenarios. Yet a new study suggests they may increase a horse’s risk of neck or back injury.*

Benefits of Haynets

Feeding horses from haynets reportedly slows feed intake. This allows horses to consume forage for longer periods of time than when forage is spread on the ground. Prolonging forage intake mimics the time spent on pasture, where horses typically allocate 12-18 hours a day to grazing and foraging. Thus, using haynets to extend feeding times more closely matches natural grazing behavior of horses.

“Extended feeding or foraging means the horses’ stomachs are not empty for extended periods of time, which is important for reducing the likelihood of developing equine squamous gastric disease or ESGD,” said Ashley Fowler, Ph.D., a nutritionist for Kentucky Equine Research.

“Forage creates a ‘splash guard.’ So acidic gastric fluid doesn’t damage the wall of the stomach in the less protected upper or squamous region of the stomach,” she added.

Horses at risk of ESGD, such as those on high-grain diets or those fed only two or three meals a day, would therefore benefit from haynets to ensure the presence of that splash guard. These horses would also benefit from a gastric buffer such as the one contained in research-proven digestive health supplements developed by Kentucky Equine Research.

According to Fowler, managing appropriate body condition in horses also helps reduce the risk of insulin resistance. In addition, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome.

“For horses that are overweight, decreasing the amount of forage offered may be necessary to encourage weight loss. Haynets can help slow the rate of consumption when owners need to restrict forage intake, which can help avoid stereotypies, such as wood chewing and bedding consumption,” Fowler added.

Disadvantages of Haynets

Suspending the hay net at head level does not mimic the natural position of the head and neck during pasture grazing. When horses consistently eat with their heads elevated, the nasal passages do not drain, potentially putting horses at risk for respiratory infections. Further, hay is often dusty and having horses bury their muzzles in haynets may induce an asthma flare-up.

“A new study measured the pull forces that occur when horses grab forage from small-hole haynets. Pull pressures were measured by attaching the haynet to a pull gauge, which measured the forces in Newtons,” explained Fowler.

Interesting findings in that study included:

Pull forces were higher for hay hung in double or layered haynets compared to a single net;
Horses pulled harder when the haynet was hung at a lower position. In the low position, the haynet was about an inch above the withers. In the high position, it was a foot above the withers (closer to face level); and
Pull forces differed depending on whether hay or haylage (with a higher moisture content) was offered. Horses pulled harder with haylage.

“These pressures may cause some wear on the dental and musculoskeletal system,” wrote the researchers. But further study is needed to further define the pull pressures on neck and back pain while using haynets.

“Haynets are great for horses that need to increase the amount of time spent eating. But this study suggests that perhaps haynet height and hole size should be considered to reduce potential strain on the musculoskeletal system,” concluded Fowler.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about Pros and Cons of Using Haynets: New Information? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

*Hodgson, S., P. Bennett-Skinner, B. Lancaster, S. Upton, P. Harris, and A.D. Ellis. 2022. Posture and pull pressure by horses when eating hay or haylage from a hay net hung at various positions. Animals (Basel) 12(21):2999.

 

 

Eight Tips for Healthy Horse Lungs! Inclement weather, medical conditions, management-related issues, overstocking, and limited land. All of these factors play a role in how much time a horse spends indoors. Heaves, a condition in horses that is similar to asthma in humans. Confinement worsens it.

“Heaves, or recurrent airway obstruction, is a common and challenging problem in horses. In many cases it limits their athleticism and lifespan,” said Peter Huntington, B.V.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc, director of nutrition, Kentucky Equine Research (Australia).

Experts recommend the following guidelines to maximize the respiratory health of horses affected by heaves:

1. Maintain the horse outdoors as much as possible. Unless the horse has been diagnosed with pasture-associated heaves.
2. Soak or steam hay to minimize the amount of dust and mold liberated from the hay that may be inhaled by your horse.
3. When outdoors, avoid the use of round bales. Although convenient, horses tend to plunge their noses into the middle of the bale for prolonged periods of time while feasting. Thus inhaling mold spores and dust. Instead, spread the hay on the ground to promote drainage of mucus from respiratory passages.
4. Even indoors, spread the hay on the horse’s stall floor instead of using a haynet or other elevated feeding device.
5. Never muck stalls, sweep aisles, or otherwise clean the barn while a horse with heaves is indoors.
6. Replace straw bedding with a low-dust alternative such as shredded paper, specialized cardboard products, or even simple rubber matting with a thin layer of absorptive material. Some horses will object to urine splashing on their legs. Some type of bedding will be needed.
7. Supplement the diet with the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as these have been shown to reduce inflammation in the lungs. EO-3, a potent marine-derived oil rich in DHA and EPA, is a palatable oil that is top-dressed onto the feed.

Nappie Benefits:

1. Try an equine diaper (nappie). According to one study*, ammonia, found in horse urine, causes inflammation of the respiratory tract lining. It is undesirable in a horse with heaves. Horses without a diaper had more than 4 parts per million (ppm) ammonia in their stall after 42 hours, whereas horses fitted with a diaper had less than 1 ppm ammonia in their stall in the same time period. Moreover, horses exposed to higher ammonia levels had decreased feed intake. These results prompted the researchers to conclude that “fitting the diaper effectively decreased exposure of horses to ammonia gas, helped keep the horse in good health, and in addition lowered the cost of bedding.” A nappie, however healthy for a horse, may not be a practical solution for most horse owners.

“In sum, take all possible precautions to protecting your horse’s breathing zone. The two-foot sphere around his nose from where he draws his breath,” advised Huntington.

Resources:

In conclusion, do you have questions about these Eight Tips for Healthy Horse Lungs? Contact us at J & J Hay Farms by clicking here!

*Matsui, A., Y. Inoue, and Y. Asai. 2003. The effect of putting the bag with collecting feces and urea (“equine diaper”) to the ammonia gases concentrate in horse’s pen. Journal of Equine Science. 14(3):75-79.

 

 

Pros and Cons of Using Haynets: New Information. For every good reason to manage a horse in a particular fashion there seems to be an equally compelling argument to not take that approach. Take haynets, for example. Haynets can be beneficial in some management scenarios. However, a new study suggests they may increase a horse’s risk of neck or back injury.^*

Benefits of Haynets:

Feeding horses from haynets reportedly slows feed intake. This allows horses to consume forage for longer periods of time than when forage is spread on the ground. Prolonging forage intake mimics the time spent on pasture, where horses typically allocate 12-18 hours a day to grazing and foraging. Thus, using haynets to extend feeding times more closely matches natural grazing behavior of horses.

“Extended feeding or foraging means the horses’ stomachs are not empty for extended periods of time, which is important for reducing the likelihood of developing equine squamous gastric disease or ESGD,” said Ashley Fowler, Ph.D., a nutritionist for Kentucky Equine Research.

“Forage creates a ‘splash guard’ so acidic gastric fluid doesn’t damage the wall of the stomach in the less protected upper or squamous region of the stomach,” she added.

Horses at risk of ESGD, such as those on high-grain diets or those fed only two or three meals a day, would therefore benefit from haynets to ensure the presence of that splash guard. These horses would also benefit from a gastric buffer.

According to Fowler, managing appropriate body condition in horses also helps reduce the risk of insulin resistance, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome.

“For horses that are overweight, decreasing the amount of forage offered may be necessary to encourage weight loss. Haynets can help slow the rate of consumption when owners need to restrict forage intake, which can help avoid stereotypies, such as wood chewing and bedding consumption,” Fowler added.

Disadvantages of Haynets

Suspending the hay net at head level does not mimic the natural position of the head and neck during pasture grazing. When horses consistently eat with their heads elevated, the nasal passages do not drain. This potentially puts horses at risk for respiratory infections. Further, hay is often dusty and having horses bury their muzzles in haynets may induce an asthma flare-up.

“A new study measured the pull forces that occur when horses grab forage from small-hole haynets. Pull pressures were measured by attaching the haynet to a pull gauge, which measured the forces in Newtons,” explained Fowler.

Interesting findings in that study included:

• Pull forces were higher for hay hung in double or layered haynets compared to a single net;
• Horses pulled harder when the haynet was hung at a lower position. In the low position, the haynet was about an inch above the withers; in the high position, it was a foot above the withers (closer to face level); and
• Pull forces differed depending on whether hay or haylage (with a higher moisture content) was offered. Horses pulled harder with haylage.

“These pressures may cause some wear on the dental and musculoskeletal system,” wrote the researchers. However, further study is needed to further define the pull pressures on neck and back pain while using haynets.

“Haynets are great for horses that need to increase the amount of time spent eating. This study suggests that perhaps haynet height and hole size should be considered to reduce potential strain on the musculoskeletal system,” concluded Fowler.

Resources:

Questions about the Pros and Cons of Using Haynets? contact J & J Hay Farms today at 770-887-0440!

^*Hodgson, S., P. Bennett-Skinner, B. Lancaster, S. Upton, P. Harris, and A.D. Ellis. 2022. Posture and pull pressure by horses when eating hay or haylage from a hay net hung at various positions. Animals (Basel) 12(21):2999.

 

Stereotypies in Horses: New Research. Owners of horses suffering from stereotypies: fret no more! A new study* shows that horses with repetitive behaviors learn at the same rate as horses without stereotypies and do not appear to be cognitively impaired, as once thought.

 

Risk Factors for Squamous vs. Glandular Ulcers in Horses. Despite being grouped together under the umbrella term “equine gastric ulcer syndrome,” one group of veterinary researchers* recently suggested that equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) should actually be considered a distinct entity from equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD). This recommendation comes in the wake of their findings that different management and risk factors contribute to the two types of ulcers.

“Considering how prevalent EGGD has become, remarkably few data regarding risk factors and optimal management strategies, including feeding programs, have been designed for horses with this condition,” noted Laura Petroski-Rose, B.V.M.S., a Kentucky Equine Research veterinarian.

Squarmous vs. Glandular: Differences

Unlike squamous ulcers caused by the physical splashing of harsh stomach acids on the “higher” regions of the stomach lining, causes for ulcers in the glandular region remain unclear. One theory is simple failure of normal defense mechanisms, while another includes excess nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration. Unlike in humans and other mammalian species, Heliocobacter spp. do not appear to play a role in EGGD.

To gain a foothold on this important, performance-limiting welfare and health issue, Benjamin Sykes, an internist and adjunct associate professor at The University of Queensland, together with his colleagues from the United Kingdom and Australia, set to work. The team examined and collected management data (feeding, exercise, overall health.) They compared 109 Thoroughbreds training in eight different facilities in the U.K. and Australia. They found:

• Horses with EGGD vs. ESGD had different management factors and clinical signs of disease, as suspected;
• Exercising >5 times per week was associated with a tenfold increased risk of EGGD;
• Poor performance, or performing below expectation, was associated with an almost fourfold increased risk of EGGD;
• Horses with stereotypies were more likely to have ESGD. However, ironically, horses displaying aggression towards humans were less likely to have ESGD; and
• Individual trainer was also identified as a risk factor for EGGD.

“Indeed, these two conditions appear distinct and must therefore be managed as such. Without clear knowledge of the underlying processes contributing to EGGD development, outlining the best strategies to approach horses with EGGD remains challenging,” summarized Petroski-Rose.

That said, stress does appear to play a role in EGGD. Therefore, further exploration of stress pathways and cortisol are warranted.

Potential Management:

“Without clear insight into the underlying pathways, management of any gastric ulcer relies heavily on forage-based diets including alfalfa hay, using slow-feeders so that the horse can consume forage for most hours throughout the day, and minimizing dietary concentrates,” advised Petroski-Rose.

Contact a Kentucky Equine Research nutrition advisor once your veterinarian has confirmed the presence of gastric ulcers. Be sure to ask about RiteTrac—a supplement designed to quickly neutralize excessive gastric acid, thereby protecting the stomach lining and restoring the normal gastric environment. Horse owners in Australia should look for these research-proven products.

*Sykes, B.W., M. Bowen, J.L. Habershon-Butcher, M. Green, and G.D. Hallowell. 2019. Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 33(1)233-240.