This is Griffith, a four-year-old appendix-bred Quarter Horse gelding. He stands 16.2 (168 cm) and currently weighs 1,260 lb (574 kg).

Before arriving at his new farm, he was turned out 24/7 on average pasture with no concentrate, and he maintained his current body condition. The new boarding stable has high-quality pasture but does not offer all-day turnout. Instead, Griffith will graze four hours and will spend the remainder of his day in a stall.

He will be ridden five days a week, lightly to moderately, in preparation to become a show hunter. With hay in short supply, the barn owners want to ensure he has enough forage to fuel his work without overfeeding. Plus, excessive body condition may cause him to gain weight and place unnecessary stress on immature joints as he learns to jump. Where do you begin?

When considering forage requirements for Griffith, two things come to mind immediately: (1) he is fairly young and potentially has more growing to do, even if only a bit; and (2) he is in light to moderate work.

To fuel these two physiological endeavors and meet maintenance requirements, let’s estimate that he will consume 2% of his body weight per day in forage and concentrate combined. As stated above, if he is allowed to graze four hours on high-quality pasture, we can assume that 25-50% of his forage requirement, or 0.5-1% of body weight, will be satisfied through grazing. That leaves a balance of 1-1.5% of body weight that must be provided in hay. At his current weight, that equates to 13-19 lb (6-9 kg) of hay. Offset any nutrient deficiencies in the hay. For example, feed a balancer pellet. Do so at the rate recommended by the manufacturer.

If Griffith is unable to maintain weight on this diet, additional hay can be fed or a concentrate intended for performance horses can be introduced. A concentrate must be fed at the minimum recommended amount to fulfill protein, vitamin, and mineral requirements. If the minimum amount provides too many calories, a mix of the concentrate and balancer pellet can be fed. Fine-tuning any diet often requires a fair measure of give and take to find just the right balance for the individual.

Do you have a question about how much forage your horse or pony should consume? Visit J & J Hay Farms for more information!

Article Source: Kentucky Equine Research

Haynet Height: Consider Comfort of Horses. Horsemanship masters and mavens of yesteryear taught their students to hang haynets high and tight. Low-slung haynets invited injury, the experts cautioned.

A resurgence in the use of haynets has occurred recently. Most frequently, as an attempt to slow hay consumption among horses on calorie-restricted diets. A high-tied haynet, however, encourages horses to crane their necks and contort their backs over a long period of time.

Habitual, unnatural postures can cause discomfort, even unsoundness. As a result, Italian researchers set out to determine the physical effects of haynet height on neck and back shape.^*

Research:

“Horses and ponies seem to be quite specific in how they approach eating from a haynet,” said Catherine Whitehouse, M.S., a nutritionist with Kentucky Equine Research. “Some nibble from them, grasping pieces of hay carefully; some go in for large mouthfuls, aggressively yanking out hay. Others will headbutt the bag, leaving it swinging from its knot.”

Whatever their interaction with the haynet, Whitehouse said, changes in body position invariably occur and likely become a matter of routine.

In the study, researchers used geometric morphometrics to evaluate variations in neck and back shape relative to three specific hay-feeding positions.

Geometric morphometrics allows scientists to identify and analyze minute postural changes through the use of anatomical landmarks. Specifically, geometric morphometrics eliminates differences based on size and instead focuses on changes in shape of individuals. Hay was fed from three positions:

• Control position. The hay was fed from the ground.
• Low haynet position. The bottom of the haynet was level with the midpoint of the cannon bone.
• High haynet position. The bottom of the haynet was level with the elbow.

Researchers used slow-feed haynets made from high-density polyethylene twine. The haynet openings measured about 1.5 in (4 cm).  4.5 lb (2 kg) of the usual hay horses ate filled the haynets.

There were video recordings of six mature Warmbloods. Meanwhile, they ate hay from the three different feeding positions. While eating hay at each feeding position, horses were recorded for 15 minutes.. For example, using a cellphone placed on a tripod. Most importantly, this assured a consistent perspective.

Benefits:

Researchers found that feeding positions affected the shape of the neck and back postures during hay consumption.

Firstly, for individual horses, these changes in shape were well defined. With the low haynet position, the back posture more closely resembled that exhibited during the control position, indicating a more natural feeding position. However, the same was not true of neck posture. Both neck and back postures changed. Most considerably, hay offered in the high position. As a result, potentially leading to problems.

“Certain haynets and feeding devices designed to encourage slow consumption have refined the level of management that can be achieved when dealing with challenging horses. For example, the chronically overweight,” said Whitehouse.

“Even though the researchers identified some changes to neck and back shape, the long-term physical effects of feeding from haynets have not been studied. Right now, the benefits seem to outweigh the potential disadvantages.”

Horses on calorie-restricted diets require optimal nutrition, and this scenario calls for a well-formulated vitamin and mineral supplement, according to Whitehouse. “Because these horses are generally fed all-forage diets, they usually miss out on the vitamin and mineral fortification provided in concentrates. Therefore, an appropriate vitamin and mineral supplement can fill in the nutritional gaps left by forage.”

Safety First:

Most importantly, for safety’s sake: in the study described above, haynets were hung low under the watchful eye of professional scientists. In an everyday situation, whether it’s in a trailer or stall, haynets should be hung at a height safe for the individual horse. Lastly, the likelihood of a horse pawing and getting its hoof caught in the haynet decreases.

In conclusion, do you have a specific question about your horse’s health or hay diets? Contact J & J Hay Farms today at 770-887-0440!

Article Source: Kentucky Equine Research

^*Raspa, F., A. Roggero, C. Palestrini, M.M. Canavesio, D. Bergero, and E. Valle. 2021. Studying the shape variations of the back, the neck, and the mandibular angle of horses depending on specific feeding postures using geometric morphometrics. Animals 11:763:11030763.

Feeding frequency affects various physiological parameters, particularly gastric and intestinal function, as well as behavior. But are these changes important to the health and welfare of the horse?

Forage Fraction

When it comes to the forage fraction of the diet, there is no question that horses should have forage available for as many hours as possible in a day. Allow access to adequate pasture. In addition, feeding hay several times throughout the day, or by offering hay free choice. Horses are offered free-choice hay. They will consume more than those offered limited amounts.  As horses consume more hay, they drink more water, so clean water should always be available when hay is offered.

Horses eat hay and concentrates at different speeds. Research has shown that it takes up to four times longer to consume the same weight of forage as it does concentrates.

In pasture situations, horses usually graze 12 to 20 hours a day. Fresh grass has an abundance of moisture (70-89% water). Therefore, more fresh forage must be eaten to achieve the same amount of dry matter intake as hay, which has much less moisture (10-15% water).

Stalled horses spend six to eight hours consuming hay when fed concentrate at more than 20% of the diet. When fed free-choice hay without concentrate, horses spent 12 to 16 hours eating hay. Specially designed feeders that slow intake of hay are useful for extending the hours that horses in stalls or drylots spend eating hay, mimicking approximately the time spent grazing. These feeders are especially useful for horses with low energy requirements like easy keepers.

Hay Availability

Is hay availability more important during the day or night? In a study on eating behavior conducted at the  University of Kentucky, horses spent more than 25% of daylight hours eating hay. Less than 15% of their nighttime hours were spent sleeping (more than 50%) between 12 a.m. and 7 a.m.

In the same study, the researchers found that frequency of feeding affected the amount of hay the horses ate.  When horses were fed eight concentrate meals per day with free-choice hay. They consumed more hay than when only fed two concentrate meals per day. If you need your horse to consume more forage, feed the concentrate in smaller, more frequent meals.

Concentrate Meals

When feeding concentrates, increasing the frequency and decreasing the quantity per meal have beneficial effects. One advantage stems from the moderation of the glycemic response to a meal, the consequences of which are currently a much-discussed topic.  Researchers at The Ohio State University fed the same quantity of a concentrate in one, two, or three meals over a 24-hour period.

Marked effects on the glycemic response to the feeding schedule were noted. The single meal produced a much higher glycemic response and consequential insulin release than the others. Interestingly enough, researchers also found that horses had a higher glycemic response to a meal in the morning. Even if horses were fed multiple meals throughout the day.  Therefore, in horses where glycemic response needs to be controlled, the smallest meal of the day should be in the morning.

The same researchers found an influence on glycemic response from the order in which the hay and grain were fed.  When hay was fed 15 minutes before the concentrate, the horses fed once per day had higher glycemic responses than when fed the concentrate 15 minutes before the hay.  This same consequence was not seen when the horses were fed two or three times per day.  Also, when concentrate was fed before the hay, horses engaged in wood-chewing more frequently.

Stereotypic Behaviors

Concentrate feeding correlated with cribbing and stereotypic behaviors.  Researchers at Auburn University have studied cribbing extensively.  They found time spent cribbing decreased with free-choice feeding of concentrate. Feed dividend into hourly meals actually increased over that of horses fed two meals a day.

Stereotypic behaviors like wood-chewing and cribbing are thought to be responses to boredom. They can also indicate of inflammation or abnormal acidity in the stomach.  Chronic cribbers have lower gastric pH than their noncribbing peers.

Antacids have a positive effect on reducing the amount of cribbing. Concentrates induce cribbing, so with cribbers it may be beneficial if fewer meals are offered in a day.  While providing adequate long-stem forage reduces occurrence, it may not eliminate the problem completely.

Number of Meals in a Day

Aside from the problems associated with elevated glycemic response, another problem with large concentrate meals centers around gastrointestinal capacity. Large meals can overwhelm the digestive capability of the small intestine. The result of which is too much grain in the hindgut to be fermented by the microbial population.

In general, when the total quantity of the concentrate is greater than 1 lb (0.5 kg) concentrate per 220 lb (100 kg) body weight (equivalent to 0.5% body weight), the concentrate should be divided into more than one meal.

Processing techniques have evolved over the last few decades that have improved digestibility of grains. Because of this, the maximum amount of concentrate recommended per feeding is more likely to be 0.65 lb (0.3 kg) per 100 kg body weight for feeds with 30-40% starch.

Meal size recommendations would be even lower for concentrates with starch contents higher than 40% or straight grains. Feeding meals with starch amounts greater than 1.1 g/kg body weight have been associated with an increased risk for the development of gastric ulcers.

Development of gastric ulcers is perhaps the worst consequence of infrequent feedings in a day.  Gastric pH as low as 2 were found for horses without access to feed for 12 hours. While the development of gastric lesions were imminent.

A drop in gastric pH often happens after feeding grain or concentrate meals. However, in a study comparing two meals per day with feeding every 90 minutes, there were no statistical differences in the pH drop from feeding.  In contrast, horses on 24-hour pasture access or fed free-choice hay were found to have more normal gastric pH of 4 to 6. As a result, once again, highlighting the advantages of constant access to forage.

Increased Feeding Frequency

Increased feeding frequency is crucial in horses with certain diseases like hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP or HPP).  Horses diagnosed with HYPP are unable to handle excessive amounts of potassium; so the smaller the meal, the less potassium absorbed at one time.

In addition to offering feed and forages with low levels of potassium, if the horse receives multiple, small meals it helps to keep from overwhelming the body at one time with potassium. This allows better controlling symptoms of the disorder.

Finding the right feeding frequency to control physiological, digestive, and behavioral issues depends on the amount of feed required to maintain the horse in good body condition.  Constant access to forage, whether it is hay or pasture, is integral to a well-rounded feeding program.  Limiting concentrate meal size controls spikes in glycemic response and avoids overpowering digestive capacities. Taken behavioral issues into consideration.

Frequent smaller meals recommended. More calories necessitate higher concentrate intake. Especially if a high starch feed is used.  Perhaps not every modern-day horse needs four meals a day like their hard-working predecessors. However, careful consideration of the factors that determine the need for more frequent meals will go a long way in optimizing the horse’s diet.